Solaris 10 Jumpstart Server

CLIENT PREPARATION

-sometime the IDE disk didn’t recognized correctly by solaris, especially in x86 IDE disk.

It shown unknown disk type.

To correct that:

1. boot from sol10 cd

2. do format command to check location of the disk

# format

let say its in c1d0 and c2d0

3. do fdisk -B

# fdisk -B /dev/rdsk/c1d0p0

# fdisk -B /dev/rdsk/c2d0p0

4. create slice 0 on each disk

# format

choose the disk and create partition

-for external usb disk

# rmformat

Looking for devices…

1. Volmgt Node: /vol/dev/aliases/cdrom0

Logical Node: /dev/rdsk/c1t0d0s2

Physical Node: /pci@0,0/pci-ide@1f,1/ide@0/sd@0,0

Connected Device: HL-DT-ST DVD-ROM GDR-T10N 1.02

Device Type: DVD Reader

2. Volmgt Node: /vol/dev/aliases/rmdisk0

Logical Node: /dev/rdsk/c3t0d0p0

Physical Node: /pci@0,0/pci1028,1b2@1d,7/hub@5/storage@1/disk@0,0

Connected Device: IC25N030 ATCS04-0 0811

Device Type: Removable

3. Logical Node: /dev/rdsk/c3t0d0s2

Physical Node: /pci@0,0/pci1028,1b2@1d,7/hub@5/storage@1/disk@0,0

Connected Device: IC25N030 ATCS04-0 0811

Device Type: Removable

# fdisk -B Looking for devices…

1. Volmgt Node: /vol/dev/aliases/cdrom0

Logical Node: /dev/rdsk/c1t0d0s2

Physical Node: /pci@0,0/pci-ide@1f,1/ide@0/sd@0,0

Connected Device: HL-DT-ST DVD-ROM GDR-T10N 1.02

Device Type: DVD Reader

2. Volmgt Node: /vol/dev/aliases/rmdisk0

Logical Node: /dev/rdsk/c3t0d0p0

Physical Node: /pci@0,0/pci1028,1b2@1d,7/hub@5/storage@1/disk@0,0

Connected Device: IC25N030 ATCS04-0 0811

Device Type: Removable

3. Logical Node: /dev/rdsk/c3t0d0s2

Physical Node: /pci@0,0/pci1028,1b2@1d,7/hub@5/storage@1/disk@0,0

Connected Device: IC25N030 ATCS04-0 0811

Device Type: Removable

# fdisk -B /dev/rdsk/c3t0d0p0

You may need to use fdisk interactively if the disk already had PC style partitioning on it to remove all other partitions before proceeding.

Add a label: rmformat -b usb-sam /dev/rdsk/c2t0d0p0

Check client device ethernet device

-for Solaris 10

# dladm show-dev

# dladm show-link

or

prtconf -D

Check MAC address of that client device

# ifconfig bge0 plumb up

# ifconfig bge0 172.16.2.245 netmask 255.255.255.0

# ifconfig bge0

JUMPSTART SERVER PREPARATION

SUNWJET

-download SUNWjet from http://wikis.sun.com/display/JET/Home

# bunzip2 jet.pkg.bz2

# pkgadd -d jet.pkg

The following packages are available:

1 JetEXPLO jet explo product

(sparc) 3.1.17

2 JetFLASH JET flash product

(sparc) 3.1.9

3 JetISO JET ISO product

(sparc) 1.0.0

4 JetJASS JASS product

(sparc) 3.0.15

5 JetLDOM JET LDOM product

(sparc) 1.0.9

6 JetRBAC JET RBAC product

(sparc) 1.1.5

7 JetSAN JET san product

(sparc) 3.1.8

8 JetSBD Secure By Default product

(sparc) 1.0.2

9 JetSDS JET sds product

(sparc,i386) 3.4.5c

10 JetVTS JET VTS product

(sparc) 3.0.12

11 JetWanBoot JET WanBoot support

(sparc) 1.1.4

12 JetZFS JET zfs product

(sparc) 1.0.3

13 JetZONES JET Zones module

(sparc) 1.1.20

14 SUNWjet Sun JumpStart Enterprise Toolkit

(sparc,i386) 4.4.7

15 SUNWjetd JET Documentation

(sparc) 3.3.1

Select package(s) you wish to process (or ’all’ to process

all packages). (default: all) [?,??,q]: q

LIST OF SUNWjet module

+ base_config

+ zones

+ sbd

+ sds

+ custom

+ explo

+ flash

+ jass

+ zfs

+ ldom

+ vts

+ san

COPY SOLARIS MEDIA

-For Solaris 10x86u6

# /opt/SUNWjet/bin/copy_solaris_media -d Solaris10_U6_x86 -n Solaris10_U6_x86 /cdrom/cdrom0

# mkdir -p /export/install/pkgs

# mkdir -p /export/install/patches

MODIFY BASE_CONFIG

checke these lines in base_config.conf

# vi /opt/SUNWjet/Products/base_config/solaris/base_config.conf

base_config_sysidcfg_netmask=255.255.255.0

base_config_sysidcfg_root_password=”boajrOmU7GFmY”

base_config_sysidcfg_system_locale=”C”

base_config_sysidcfg_timeserver=localhost

base_config_sysidcfg_timezone=”Asia/Brunei”

base_config_profile_cluster=SUNWCall

COPY SUNWEXPLO

-download and extract SunExplorer from http://www.sun.com/service/stb/index.jsp and click “Software Download and Documentation”

In this example we have SUNWexplo ver 5.13 and we put under /export/home/nawir directory

-modify /opt/SUNWjet/Products/explo/package.matrix

# echo “5.10:5.13:SUNWexplo SUNWexplu” >> /opt/SUNWjet/Products/explo/package.matrix

-check these only in /opt/SUNWjet/Products/explo/explo.conf

# cat /opt/SUNWjet/Products/explo/explo.conf

explo_product_version=”5.13″

explo_ADDRESS_CITY=”BSB”

explo_ADDRESS_STATE=”BSB”

explo_ADDRESS_COUNTRY=”Brunei”

explo_EMAIL=”explorer-database-apac@sun.com”

explo_GEO=”APAC”

explo_ADDRESS_COUNTRY_CODE=”BN”

# /opt/SUNWjet/bin/copy_product_media explo 5.13 /export/home/nawir/ sparc

# /opt/SUNWjet/bin/copy_product_media explo 5.13 /export/home/nawir/ i386

COPY SUNWJASS

-download SUNWjass from http://www.sun.com/software/security/jass/ and exract into /export/home/nawir

# /opt/SUNWjet/bin/copy_product_media jass 4.2.0 /export/home/nawir sparc

# /opt/SUNWjet/bin/copy_product_media jass 4.2.0 /export/home/nawir 1386

-download SUNWjass patch 122608 from sunsolve, put into /export/home/nawir and extract it

# cd /export/home/nawir

# /opt/SUNWjet/bin/copy_product_patches jass 4.2.0 /export/home/nawir i386

-modify template like this

base_config_products=” custom sbd sds jass”

jass_product_version=”4.2.0″

jass_execute=”secure.driver”

COPY SUNVTS

-download sparc and i86pc and extract into /export/home/nawir SUNWvts from http://www.sun.com/oem/products/vts/

# /opt/SUNWjet/bin/copy_product_media vts 6.4 /export/home/nawir sparc

# /opt/SUNWjet/bin/copy_product_media vts 6.4 /export/home/nawir i386

# vi /opt/SUNWjet/Products/vts/vts.conf

make sure

vts_product_version=”6.4″

# vi /opt/SUNWjet/Products/vts/patch.matrix

change

5.10:i386:6.4:127295

to

5.10:i386:6.4:136678

change

5.10:sparc:6.4:136677

to

5.10:sparc:6.4:138179

-download patch 136678 and 138179 from sunsolve.sun.com

-copy patch to jumpstart

# /opt/SUNWjet/bin/copy_product_patches vts 6.4 /export/home/nawir i386

# /opt/SUNWjet/bin/copy_product_patches vts 6.4 /export/home/nawir sparc

MAKE DHCP SERVER

# cd /opt/SUNWjet/Products/base_config/solaris

# cat make_dhcp

NETWORK=172.16.2.0

NETMASK=255.255.255.0

ROUTER=172.16.2.1

dhcpconfig -D -r SUNWfiles -p /var/tmp

dhcpconfig -N ${NETWORK} -m ${NETMASK} -t ${ROUTER}

# ./make_dhcp

CREATING TEMPLATE FOR NEW CLIENT

# /opt/SUNWjet/bin/make_template -f apple zfs zones sbd vts explo

# cd /opt/SUNWjet/Templates

-modify apple (x86 sample)

# cat apple

base_config_ClientArch=”i86pc”

base_config_ClientEther=”00:1e:c9:bb:b7:fe”

base_config_ClientOS=”Solaris10_U6_x86″

base_config_client_allocation=”"

base_config_grub_append=”"

base_config_products=”zfs zones sbs”

base_config_sysidcfg_nameservice=NONE

base_config_sysidcfg_network_interface=PRIMARY

base_config_sysidcfg_ip_address=172.16.2.245

base_config_sysidcfg_netmask=255.255.255.0

base_config_sysidcfg_root_password=”boajrOmU7GFmY”

base_config_sysidcfg_system_locale=”C”

base_config_sysidcfg_timeserver=localhost

base_config_sysidcfg_timezone=”Asia/Brunei”

base_config_sysidcfg_terminal=vt100

base_config_sysidcfg_security_policy=NONE

base_config_sysidcfg_protocol_ipv6=no

base_config_sysidcfg_default_route=172.16.2.1

base_config_x86_nowin=”yes”

base_config_x86_console=”"

base_config_x86_disable_acpi=”"

base_config_x86_safetoreboot=”"

base_config_x86_disable_kdmconfig=”"

base_config_x86_confflags=”"

base_config_sysidcfg_x86_kdmfile=”"

base_config_label_disks=”"

base_config_profile_fdisk=”"

base_config_profile=”"

base_config_profile_append=”"

base_config_profile_cluster=SUNWCall

base_config_profile_zfs_disk=”c1d0s0 c2d0s0″

base_config_profile_zfs_pool=”rpool”

base_config_profile_zfs_be=”sol10u6″

base_config_profile_zfs_size=”auto”

base_config_profile_zfs_swap=”auto”

base_config_profile_zfs_dump=”auto”

base_config_profile_usedisk=rootdisk.

base_config_profile_dontuse=”"

base_config_profile_root=free

base_config_profile_swap=2048

base_config_profile_s3_mtpt=”"

base_config_profile_s3_size=”"

base_config_profile_s4_mtpt=”"

base_config_profile_s4_size=”"

base_config_profile_s5_mtpt=”/var”

base_config_profile_s5_size=”"

base_config_profile_s6_mtpt=”/usr”

base_config_profile_s6_size=”"

base_config_profile_s7_mtpt=”/opt”

base_config_profile_s7_size=”"

base_config_profile_additional_disks=”"

base_config_ufs_logging_filesys=”all”

base_config_ufs_noatime_filesys=”"

base_config_profile_add_locales=”"

base_config_profile_del_locales=”"

base_config_profile_add_geos=”"

base_config_profile_del_geos=”"

base_config_profile_add_packages=”"

base_config_profile_del_packages=”"

base_config_profile_add_clusters=”"

base_config_profile_del_clusters=”"

base_config_nfs_mounts=”"

base_config_nodename=”"

base_config_defaultrouter=”"

base_config_notrouter=”"

base_config_dns_domain=”"

base_config_dns_nameservers=”"

base_config_dns_searchpath=”"

base_config_dns_disableforbuild=”yes”

base_config_ntp_servers=”"

base_config_networkifs=”"

base_config_networkif_ge0=”

base_config_networkif_ge0_1=”"

base_config_ipmp_networkifs=”"

base_config_ipmp_networkif_qfe0_qfe1=”"

base_config_update_terminal=”yes”

base_config_enable_savecore=”yes”

base_config_dumpadm_minfree=”20000k”

base_config_noautoshutdown=”pm_disabled”

base_config_enable_rootlogin=”"

base_config_enable_rootftp=”"

base_config_shutup_sendmail=”"

base_config_poweroff_afterbuild=”"

base_config_dedicated_dump_device=”"

base_config_enable_altbreak=”"

base_config_disable_sysid_probe=”"

base_config_nfsv4_domain=”"

base_config_productdir=”"

base_config_patchdir=”"

base_config_debug_jumpstart_postinstall=”"

zfs_product_version=”1.0″

zfs_pools=”"

zfs_forcepool=”"

zfs_apply_simple_vtoc=”"

zones_jet_serverip=”"

zones_jet_cfgdir=”"

zones_default_path=”/export/zones”

zones_names=”"

sbd_product_version=”1.0″

vts_product_version=”6.4″

explo_product_version=”5.13″

explo_override_old_installs=”"

explo_DEF=”"

explo_SEARCHPATH=”../common.files”

explo_CRONTAB_RUN=”no”

explo_CRONTAB_HOUR=”*”

explo_CRONTAB_MINUTE=”*”

explo_CRONTAB_DAY=”*”

explo_CRONTAB_WEEKDAY=”*”

explo_CRONTAB_FLAG=”"

explo_SERIAL=”"

explo_CONTRACT_ID=”"

explo_CUSTOMER_NAME=”"

explo_USER_NAME=”"

explo_USER_EMAIL=”"

explo_PHONE=”"

explo_REPLY=”"

explo_CUSTID=”"

explo_ADDRESS_1=”"

explo_ADDRESS_2=”"

explo_ADDRESS_CITY=”BSB”

explo_ADDRESS_STATE=”BSB”

explo_ADDRESS_COUNTRY=”Brunei”

explo_ADDRESS_ZIP=”"

explo_RUN=”N”

explo_run_at_install_cmd=”"

explo_netrc_entry=”"

explo_EMAIL=”explorer-database-apac@sun.com”

explo_GEO=”APAC”

explo_ADDRESS_COUNTRY_CODE=”BN”

explo_NOTIFY=”"

explo_BASEDIR=”/opt/SUNWexplo”

explo_DEFAULTS=”/opt/SUNWexplo/etc/default/explorer”

explo_HOME=”/opt/SUNWexplo”

explo_LIB=”/opt/SUNWexplo/lib”

explo_PATH=”/usr/bin:/usr/sbin”

NOTE:

1. we configure “base_config_sysidcfg_nameservice=NONE” not DNS because if DNS we need to create server hostname in real DNS

2. sbd in “/opt/SUNWjet/bin/make_template -f apple zfs zones sbd” will automatically close unnecessary port. Same effect can be done by issuing “netservices limited”. To relaxing it we issue “netservices open”

MODIFY /ETC/VFSTAB

-modify /etc/vfstab so that mount at boot is no. See below

/export/install/media/Solaris10_U6_x86/boot – /tftpboot/I86PC.Solaris_10-2 lofs – no ro

-create /etc/rc3.d/S99jumpstartmount

# cat /etc/rc3.d/S99jumpstartmount

#!/sbin/sh

mount -F lofs /export/install/media/Solaris10_U6_x86/boot /tftpboot/I86PC.Solaris_10-2

MAKE CLIENT

# /opt/SUNWjet/bin/make_client -f apple

BOOT CLIENT

-for x86 solaris in Dell server, just press F12 to boot from PXE

-for Sparc client, use “boot net – install – w” in OBP

Terry’s Talon Troubleshooting Tips #3 – Fast Idle (aka. Idle Surge)

Source: http://www.dsm.org/how-tos/tttt/tttt3.html

For those of you who may have missed the thread regarding my idle surge, here’s a brief summary:
- One hot Saturday in June, I was driving happily along the freeway. Upon exiting the freeway and reaching the stoplight at the end of the ramp, I pressed the clutch pedal and much to my surprise, the car stalled. It restarted right away, but then stalled three more times before reaching my destination.
- Within a day, the stalling problem had been replaced by an idle surge that seemed to only occur when the car was hot. At no time did the computer ever report an error code.
- On Monday, I asked for advice from the list and received various suggestions, most of which related to the throttle body. At this point, however, I was reluctant to perform any service on my own when I might be able to get the dealer to do it under warranty.
- On Tuesday, I took the car to the dealer and asked them to figure out what was wrong. They proceeded to misdiagnose the car as in need of a tune-up including: plug wires, fuel filter, and some simple cleaning for *only* $500. Needless to say, I retrieved the car without having any work done and spent the next 3 weeks living with a very annoying idle surge and trying everything I could think of to identify the problem on my own.

That’s as much as I’ve posted so far.

Q: So what’s new?
A: Over time, the problem evolved from: "Only when hot" to "Intermittent" to "All the time". As any troubleshooter can tell you, many problems are impossible to identify until they reach stage three.

Q: So what was the problem anyway?
A: One of the coils in my Idle Speed Control (ISC) had become intermittent and eventually opened up. Since the ISC is a stepper motor, a bad coil means that the motor can’t do much more than twitch. As a result, the ECU did not have positive control over the idle speed. Occasionally, the stepper did make progress in one direction or the other, but not on a regular or controlled basis. This explains why my idle ranged from stall to surge. From one stoplight to the next, the idle might change, but while stopped at a light, it would be consistant.

Q: So what is an ISC and what is it good for?
A: The ECU attempts to control the idle speed by opening or closing the ISC. The valve on the ISC allows extra air to bypass the throttle plate. Since a stepper motor does not provide any feedback on its actual position, the computer simply counts steps and assumes that the valve lands in the correct place.

During normal operations, the ECU uses the ISC for some very interesting things besides simply adjusting the idle speed. The ISC is completely shut when you kill the engine to make sure it stops quickly. The ISC is opened completely at startup to provide plenty of air. It is also opened during normal driving to prevent the car from bucking when you take your foot off the throttle to shift. If you run the air conditioner or turn the steering wheel, the ECU compensates immediately by opening the ISC a little to keep the revs up. This also happens during cruising to mask the effect of the increased load on the speed of the car.

Q: So what, exactly, is idle surge?
A: Idle surge is the condition that occurs when something in the ECU idle speed feedback loop fails to operate as expected. Since the ECU is not quite as smart as you are and has a very microscopic view of its world, its behavior may seem very strange to you, but seem perfectly normal to the computer. The result is an idle speed that oscillates from ~1200-1500 RPM about 2 times a second and no error codes are ever displayed.

My idle surge was a result of the following situation:

1. The idle switch is depressed (foot off the gas)
2. Too much air is getting through the throttle body (ISC stuck open)
3. O2 sensor registers lean mix (too much air)
4. ECU adds fuel to achieve correct mix
5. RPMs increase due to increased fuel/air supply
6. At 1500 RPM the ECU goes into decel mode and cuts fuel (*)
7. With only air coming into the engine, the RPMs drop rapidly
8. At 1200 RPM the ECU turns the fuel back on
9. Goto 2.

*) In our cars, the ECU cuts the fuel supply completely when the car is decelerating. It determines that you are trying to decelerate because the idle switch is depressed and the RPMs are above 1200. This is done to prevent an over lean condition and to assist in engine braking.

Q: Are there any other annoying side effects of this problem?
A: The only other major side effect is that with the throttle plate all the way closed, the engine still wants to run at 2000 RPM. The result of this is that it is very difficult to drive around parking lots. Parking lot speeds in 1st gear put you just under 2000 RPM. At this point you have the throttle barely cracked open. It’s about all you can do to keep the throttle almost closed, but not depress the idle switch. If the switch gets hit, the fuel gets cut (see (*) above). You can’t let the car just idle, because the surge is severly aggravated if the car is in gear. The gentle 2 cycles per second surge will change to a 5-6 cycles per second violent bucking of the whole car. Rather unpleasant.

Q: That’s nice to know, but what can I do about the idle surge on my car?
A: Glad you asked. In the time it took for me to identify my problem, I was forced to examine the fuel control and air supply loop of the engine very thoroughly. As a result I have developed the following diagnosis guide. Since I have obviously not had the opportunity to test all of these conditions, there is a fair amount of speculation involved and I probably missed some important stuff, but it should at least get you on the right track.

It helps to have a shop manual available while following this guide. Turn to chapter 14, Fuel System, find the pages for your engine, and use them to identify the parts I refer to.

Throughout this entire procedure, make sure that the A/C and all other accessories are turned off. Extra engine loads may confuse the diagnosis.

1. My car has an idle surge
   • While the car is surging, smell the exhaust (ie. hold your hand in front of the exhaust pipe for a few seconds, smell your hand) It should smell like partially burnt fuel (rich).
   • Pull the connector off the idle switch. The idle should stabilize somewhere above 1500 RPM. Smell the exhaust again, it should smell like a proper mix, ie. no odor. If you have access to the O2 sensor test connector under the dash, you can confirm a proper mix by checking it with a DVM. The O2 sensor normally outputs a value between 0 and 1 volt. (0=lean, 1=rich)
     NOTE: Do not trust the O2 sensor output unless the engine RPM is steady. The lag time in the sensor makes it useless for correctly reading a surging engine.
   • If the exhaust smells fine and the O2 sensor is sending reasonable values, go to step 2.
   • If the exhaust still smells rich or lean (the vapors sting your eyes), think about getting an emissions inspection and suspect that you may have a bad oxygen sensor. If you’d like, you may follow the instructions for inspecting the O2 sensor as found in the shop manual.
2. My exhaust smells fine now, but why are the RPMs so high?
   • With the idle switch disconnected, the ECU thinks you are pressing the accelerator and will allow the engine to run at any speed. It simply adjusts the fuel supply to match the incoming air.
   • Shut off the car and let it cool enough so you can work on it.
   • Remove the metal snorkel from the front of the throttle body. This usually requires that you remove the air intake hose and the iron brace first. When removing the snorkel, be very careful to not damage the gasket.
   • If you have a non-turbo engine, you may not have a snorkel on your throttle body and need only loosen the hose clamp on the air intake hose to get at the throttle plate.
   • Inspect the barrel of the throttle body. Check the throttle plate for free movement and make sure it closes completely. If there is excessive carbon buildup behind the throttle plate, get some carb cleaner and follow the instructions in the shop manual for cleaning the TB. The manual shows that it is not necessary to remove the TB for cleaning, but you can do a much more thorough job if it is not on the car.
   • If you decide to remove the TB, you must disconnect as many as 7 hoses, including the two water supply lines, the throttle cable, and two electrical connections. There is a disassembly list in the manual. I found it easier to disconnect the water lines at their far ends as the hose clamps on the TB itself were obscured. If you do not drain the coolant system before removing the water lines, expect to lose over a half gallon onto the ground. Make notes in your shop manual about what hoses connect where. Most are obvious, but you should record the colors of the vacuum lines for reference at reassembly.
   • Give particular care to the gasket between the TB and the intake manifold. It is marked as non-reusable, but can be reused if it is not damaged. My gasket was stuck to the TB with sealant, so I just left it there during the cleaning process rather than risk tearing it.
   • Be aware that it is normal for a small gap (~.010) to exist at the edge of the throttle plate when it is fully closed. DO NOT adjust the idle switch to change this gap. If for some reason you suspect that the idle switch is improperly positioned, follow the instructions in the shop manual to set it. It is highly unlikely that this will be necessary.
   • After cleaning, reassemble everything, refill the coolant if necessary.
   • NOTE: When reattaching the TB, carefully observe the torque specs. You are driving those bolts into an aluminum manifold that will strip very easily.
   • Start the engine. If the surge persists, go to step 3.
3. My TB shines like new, but I still have a surge
   • You still have too much air getting past the TB.
   • If you have a turbo, a vacuum leak probably isn’t causing your surge, but it won’t hurt to check.
   • If you have a hand vacuum pump, use it to check all the vacuum lines on the TB and intake manifold. Check the shop manual for which lines are supposed to hold vacuum and which aren’t. Don’t be fooled by the EGR which is supposed to bleed vacuum on the yellow side.
   • If you don’t have a hand vacuum pump, you can still do a simple test for leaks. Start the car. Disconnect the hoses one by one and cover the nipple with your finger. If this seriously impacts or even fixes the surge. Inspect that hose for leaks.
   • Don’t forget to check the brake booster hose on the back side of the manifold and the fuel pressure regulator hose on the front side buried under the injector electrical harness.
   • If all the vacuum lines check out ok, go to step 4.
4. Ok, no vacuum leaks, but it’s still surging
   • You still have too much air getting past the TB, but you have narrowed the number of possibilities down to 4.
   • There are only 5 normal ways for air to get past the TB: The throttle plate, the base idle speed set screw (BISSS), the ISC, the fast idle air valve (FIAV), and the EGR valve. You already cleaned the throttle plate and made sure it closes properly, that eliminates 1.
   • With the engine running and hot (temp>=180), pop the rubber plug off the front of the TB to expose the base idle speed set screw (BISSS). Disconnect the idle switch and the ISC connector so the engine runs at a steady speed and the ECU can’t fiddle with the ISC without your knowledge. Count the turns of your screwdriver as you screw the BISSS closed (clockwise). The RPMs should drop. Have a friend watch the tachometer to tell you when it reaches 750. If you run out of screw before the engine drops to 750, back the screw out to where you found it. Replace the rubber plug.
   • If closing the BISSS did not drop the engine to 750 RPM, you have eliminated another air path as the culprit, leaving only 3 more.
   • NOTE: If you did get the idle to drop to 750 using the BISSS, don’t get too excited yet, the real problem may still be hiding and is merely masked by closing the BISSS. Reconnect everything, go for a drive and see if the problem reoccurs. If not, consider yourself lucky.
   • Stop the engine and wait for it to cool a bit.
   • If you removed the TB to clean it, you may have noticed that the FIAV is completely sealed. As a result it is nearly impossible to determine its health or lack thereof, so for now, we’ll assume that it’s working. That leaves only 2 air paths as a potential problem.
   • Follow the instructions in the shop manual for checking out the ISC. The easiest thing to start with is checking the resistance of the four coils using a digital multimeter. All four should be approx 30 ohms when cool and no more than 40 ohms if the car is hot. It is possible to perform this check without removing the ISC from the TB. If all four coils are within spec, go to step 5.
   • If you found one or more of the ISC coils with a resistance much higher than 30 ohms (100 ohms or higher, mine was around 2K ohms) or if a coil is open, then you’ve found a bad ISC. The ISC is covered under the 5/50 emissions warranty, but the hard part is convincing the dealer to do the work for free. After being told by the dealer’s mechanic that, "I’ve been working on cars for 18 years and no customer is going to tell me how to do my job.", it took a call to Chrysler Regional and a long talk with the service manager before I was allowed to come down to the dealership with my ohm meter and take 60 seconds to demonstrate the problem. It is unfortunate that it took all this to get them to agree to do the work.
   • If you are actually in this situation, the dealer may refuse to follow your advice simply because the ECU is not reporting an error for the ISC. As Todd can confirm, the ECU will never report an error with the ISC. A stepper motor is inherently open loop and can not be self diagnosed.
   • A new ISC lists for $247. Try going for warranty service first.
5. Ok, the ISC coils look good, what’s left?
   • If your symptoms sound a lot like mine, especially the part about picking a slightly different idle speed every time, your ISC might still be at fault.
   • Remove the ISC from the TB. It is not necessary to remove the TB from the car to do this, but it might help to get a few other things out of the way. BE CAREFUL to not lose the o-ring seal.
   • Plug the ISC back into the electrical connector and have a friend turn the car on and off. Don’t turn the starter, just flip slowly back and forth from ACC to ON. The ISC plunger should move smoothly in and out as power is cycled. Lightly rest a finger on the tip of the plunger to check for weak spots in the step cycle.
   • If the ISC seems to behaving normally, go to step 6.
   • If the ISC doesn’t move in and out smoothly, but just vibrates in place without making any real progress, then something is wrong. Check the coils again, just to be sure. If they are ok, then find a way to check the voltage coming out of the harness connector. I suspect the best way to do this would be to construct a 4 LED matrix as a DVM wouldn’t be fast enough to follow the steps. The easiest way to do this would be to solder a 1K resistor to each of 4 LEDs and stick the LED/resistor pairs into the harness connector. What you should expect to see during stepping is power across the pins in an order similar to this:

     1-2 & 4-5
     2-3 & 4-5
     2-3 & 5-6
     1-2 & 5-6
     back to 1-2 & 4-5, etc...
     

   • Judging from the shop manual, I would expect to see 6 volts applied to each coil. If one set of pins never seems to get power, flex the harness while watching the LEDs to check for a broken wire. (BTW, make sure to get the polarity of the LEDs right to avoid false alarms…)
6. Now I’m sure the ISC is good, aren’t we running out of options?
   • Yep. About the only things left are the FIAV and the EGR.
   • The EGR is located on the intake runners immediately below the TB. It is difficult to remove with the TB installed, but not impossible. For easier access, remove the air intake hose and battery during this procedure.
   • Remove the EGR and clean the carbon deposits from the valve and seat with carb cleaner.
   • Follow the procedure in the shop manual for inspecting the EGR. Applying vacuum to the green hose side of the diaphragm should move the valve plunger, opening the valve. If your EGR assembly has attachments for two green hoses, make sure to block one off. Releasing the vacuum should allow the valve to close completely. With the valve closed (I know this is gross, but what the heck, you could be paying somebody $55/hr to do this…) blow on the valve port furthest from the diaphragm. No air should leak through the valve.
   • If the EGR checks out, reassemble it. Go to step 7.
   • A new EGR valve lists for only $120, what a bargain, but should also be covered under the 5/50 emissions warranty.
   • As an alternative, you can always go with Frank’s EGR block off, but only if you’re not in California. The California cars will detect your deception and the ECU will flag an EGR failure.
7. Ok, only one thing left, the FIAV
   • I never did figure out a good way to diagnose that thing. Even the shop manual doesn’t offer any help. It simply states (on page 14-49 for those reading along at home) that if you’ve tried everything else, suspect the FIAV, replace the TB. Considering that the FIAV may be replaced separately from the TB by just ordering the TB lower assembly (the good news), but that the TB lower assembly lists for $833 (the bad news), and it’s useless to suggest warranty diagnoses to the dealer unless you can back them up 100%, you’re probably better off trying alternatives.
   • Block the FIAV permanently. I’m not sure if this will buy you anything. Those who experience colder weather may not be able to start their cars without a working FIAV.
   • The FIAV shares air intakes and exhausts with the ISC. Blocking just the FIAV requires some creative metalworking (or maybe just some hi-temp RTV for a non-removable block off). Be especially careful when separating the upper and lower TB halves. Coolant flows in the chambers between the halves. A damaged seal here could allow coolant to enter your intake and seriously damage or destroy your engine.
8. Ok, so now what?
   • In discussing this article with a friend, he suggested that an idle surge might also result if an injector got stuck open. The catch is, this situation would affect driving performance as well as idle. This can be easily checked by inspecting the spark plugs. One of the plugs will show up as fuel fouled or at least very black from a rich mix, while the others would show signs of running very lean (white). If a bottle of injector cleaner doesn’t solve the problem, show the dealer the condition of your plugs and get him to replace the injector under the emissions warranty.
   • If you’ve made it this far and you’ve still got an idle surge. I’m not sure I can help you. Bring it up for further discussion on the list and maybe somebody will come up with a bright idea that solves your problem. Other than that, you can always throw money at it until the dealer actually finds something or you can just learn to live with it.

Good luck and have fun,
Terry Wells
twells@cp10.es.xerox.com

Pilih Kabel yang Tepat

Source: http://saft7.com/?p=299

Kabel yang digunakan pada kendaraan (mobil, motor, truk dsb) dikategorikan sebagai Auto-Cable. Yaitu kabel yang spesifikasinya disesuaikan dengan keperluan kendaraan pada umumnya, dengan tegangan kerja 12/24 volt DC. Tidak seperti kabel lainnya, Auto-Cable diukur dari diameter luar keseluruhan atau tebal kabel. Sementara tebal dari isolasi terhadap konduktornya (tembaga/aluminium) hanya setebal 0.5mm-1mm saja.

Jadi untuk kabel yang tebalnya 8mm (8AWG), tebal kawat konduktor di dalamnya hanya sekitar 6mm-7mm (diameter).

Konversi ukuran standar AWG (American Wire Gauge) dengan standar Metric (mm2)

Tidak tepat apabila kabel listrik rumah digunakan untuk keperluan pelistrikan kendaraan, karena spesifikasi peruntukannya berbeda.

Auto-cable mempunyai isolasi yang dirancang cukup tahan terhadap suhu panas dan minyak/oli. Sehingga tidak mengganggu kemampuan untuk melindungi kawat di dalamnya. Jika mudah meleleh atau bereaksi dengan minyak/oli maka bisa menyebabkan short-circuit atau korslet.

Gunakanlah auto-cable untuk keperluan pelistrikan kendaraan. Auto-Cable diperjual-belikan di toko asesoris atau onderdil otomotif. Ada banyak macam kualitas kabel, pilihlah yang isolasi luarnya mengkilap atau halus, ada tulisan merek kabel (tidak polos), isi kawat konduktor berbahan dasar tembaga murni mengkilap dan tebal. Mudah ditekuk / lentur.

PILIH KABEL YANG MANA YA?

Jika kita ingin mengaplikasi sesuatu perangkat di kendaraan kita, kita perlu memilih kabel ukuran berapa yang diperlukan agar aman dan perangkat bekerja dengan baik.
Katakanlah kita menggunakan Accu bertegangan 12 VOLT, dengan tabel di bawah, kita tinggal mencocokkan arus yang dipakai perangkat kita atau daya yang digunakan perangkat, kemudian berapa panjang kabel dari Accu menuju perangkat. Maka akan terbaca berapa ukuran tebal kabel yang diperlukan.

Perancang kendaraan khususnya teknisi listrik (electrical) sudah memperhitungkan kabel dengan tebal berapa yang digunakan untuk tiap fungsi di kendaraan tersebut. Tentunya dengan memperhitungkan juga panjang kabel yang dibutuhkan untuk menyambung satu titik komponen ke komponen lainnya.

Semakin panjang kabel, akan ada kerugian tegangan yang diakibatkan adanya resistansi pada kawat konduktornya. Kawat yang digunakan umumnya ada dua macam, yaitu berbahan dasar Tembaga murni dan Aluminium. Yang terbaik adalah yang berbahan dasar tembaga.

Semakin tebal, semakin baik. Namun untuk industri kendaraan, tetap memperhitungkan biaya produksi kendaraan. Tentunya pemakaian kabel yang tebal lebih mahal ketimbang yang tipis/kurus. Sehingga digunakan perhitungan yang tepat dan akurat berapa tebal kabel yang paling efisien dan efektif untuk keperluan di tiap komponen. Tidak heran apabila kita menemukan berbagai macam ketebalan kabel pada sistem pelistrikan kendaraan kita.

Saya coba tunjukkan, kerugian tegangan yang terjadi pada kabel berkawat tembaga murni dengan panjang 3 meter, diberi tegangan 12 volt dengan arus 10 Ampere, diukur dengan Multimeter Digital Sanwa PC-5000 (akurasinya 5desimal, grade multimeter yang terbaik dan akurat).

Dapat dilihat, kabel-kabel dengan panjang yang sama, namun dengan ketebalan yang berbeda, menghasilkan tegangan output yang berbeda.

CONTOH APLIKASI

Saya akan memasang lampu kabut (fog lamp) di bumper depan mobil saya.
Bohlam yang digunakan adalah H1 berdaya 55Watt, 12 Volt.
Maka untuk kiri dan kanan total daya yang diperlukan foglamp adalah 110watt.
Jarak accu dengan foglamp kira2 membutuhkan panjang kabel 2 meter
Maka saya cukup pakai kabel dengan ketebalan 1mm saja. Lebih tebal sedikit lebih baik tentunya.

Semoga bermanfaat sebagai referensi.

Sumber referensi:
Auto Cable – http://www.motorhomesaustralia.net
PowerStream – http://www.powerstream.com
RBE Electronics – http://www.rbeelectronics.com

All About Tyre

Source: http://www.car-tyres.org.uk/faq.asp#faq7

Source: http://www.fulda.com/fulda_home_en/test_and_tips/tyre_technology/how_to_read_a_tyre/index.jsp
Typical markings as found on a tyre are illustrated:
1. Tyre section width in mm.
2. Section height to section width relation in %.
3. Tyre construction (R= Radial).
4. Rim diameter in inches.
5. Maximum load capacity (load index)
6. Speed symbol
7. TUBELESS tyre.
8. ECE Type approval mark and number.
9. Location of treadwear Indicator.
10. M&S (Mud & Snow) Winter capabilities.
11. Tested and qualified for Severe Snow Usage.
12. Production date (week, year : decade 1990-1999 ).
13. Department of Transportation compliance symbol.
14. D.O.T. manufacturer code.
15. Country of manufacture.
16. Trade name.
17. Tyre construction details (D.O.T.).
18. Load and pressure marking (D.O.T.).
19. Tyre type (radial).
20. Mark required by U.S.A. Consumer information regulations (Quality Grade).
21. Location of winter tread wear indicator

Tyre Width
The tyre width is shown in millimetres and is the width from one side of the tyre to the other. Wider tyres give the car more contact with the road and therefore more traction.

Tyre Profile
The tyre profile is actually a ratio, not a metric measurement. The profile is the ratio of tyre width to profile height shown as a percentage.

For example: If the tyre has the dimensions shown – 205/50. Then the profile is 50% of the width, so 50% of 205mm is 102.5mm. The tyre height from the rim to the tread is 102.5mm

Tyre Speed Rating
All tyres have a speed rating letter. The letter denotes a maximum speed that the tyre can sustain for a 10 minute period without falling to pieces.

Note: the letter R is nothing to do with the speed rating. This letter denotes the tyre construction, so if your tyre is a 255/35 ZR19, it just means that it’s a Z rated tyre of Radial construction. This letter is redundant really, because nearly all tyres are radial these days.

Symbol	Max Speed		Symbol	Max Speed
	Km/h	MPH		Km/h	MPH
L	120	75	180	113
M	130	81	T	190	118
140	87	U	200	125
150	95	H	210	130
Q	160	100	V	240	150
R	170	105	W	270	168
Z	240+	150+

Wheel Size
This is the diameter of the wheel rim in inches that the tyre is designed to fit. It’s strange that they mix metric and imperial measurements, but they just do.

Load Rating
On some tyres you will see an extra number after the R eg. 205/50/R/16/91/V. In this format the figure 91 denotes the tyre’s load rating. The load rating is the weight in Kilos (multiplied by 10) that the tyre can support at speeds of up to 130MPH. It’s worth noting that above speeds of 130MPH the load rating decreases.

If you’re car weighs 2 metric tons (2,000Kg) then if we do a simple calculation we can assume that there will be roughly 500Kg supported by each tyre. This gives us a tyre load index rating of 84. If you then add a further 20% for passengers and a nice safety margin that takes the up to 600Kg per tyre, giving us a load rating of about 91.

How can I measure my tyre tread depth?

You can use a tyre depth gauge. However most tyres have a tread wear indicator to help you to visually identify when you are close to the tread depth limit. If you’re looking at your front tyres, lock your steering wheel to either the left or the right and look around the tread carefully, you should see a small rubber bar running across the tread grooves. The wear indicator is usually placed in the tyre at a depth of 2mm. If the tyre tread is flush with this rubber bar then it’s time to replace your tyres.

DOT Codes and the 6-year shelf life
Source:http://www.carbibles.com/tyre_bible.html
The code is pretty simple. The three-digit code was used for tyres manufactured before 2000. So for example 1 7 6 means it was manufactured in the 17th week of 6th year of the decade. In this case it means 1986. For tyres manufactured in the 90’s, the same code holds true but there is a little triangle after the DOT code. So for this example, a tyre manufactured in the 17th week of 1996 would have the code 176
After 2000, the code was switched to a 4-digit code. Same rules apply, so for example 3 0 0 3 means the tyre was manufactured in the 30th week of 2003.

The E-Mark

All tyres sold in Europe after July 1997 must carry an E-mark. The mark itself is either an upper or lower case "E" followed by a number in a circle or rectangle, followed by a further number.
An "E" (upper case) indicates that the tyre is certified to comply with the dimensional, performance and marking requirements of ECE regulation 30.
An "e" (lower case) indicates that the tyre is certified to comply with the dimensional, performance and marking requirements of Directive 92/33/EEC.
The number in the circle or rectangle denotes the country code of the government that granted the type approval. 11 is the UK. The last number outside the circle or rectangle is the number of the type approval certificate issued for that particular tyre size and type.

What are RFT tyres and why are they so expensive?
RFT stand for Run Flat Tyre. These tyres can survive a puncture and still be driven on, albeit at a reduced speed and limited distance. The RFT tyre is more expensive partly because of the thicker tyre wall that prevents the tyre from collapsing due to a loss of pressure.

Typically you should be able to drive approximately 100 miles at 50MPH on a punctured run flat tyre. There are several benefits to the RFT system; RFT tyres are safer, if you lose pressure with a conventional tyre you could career off the road. The RFT keeps you on the road as the tyre does not collapse. If you sustain a puncture in a dangerous area or on a busy wet motorway, you don’t have to change the tyre there and then, just drive on and find a tyre repair centre. With RFT there’s no need for a spare wheel, which saves you money and boot space.

Upgrading to RFT on a non RFT vehicle is not really practical or cheap to do. RFT tyres only work with specially designed RFT rims, so you’ll need to buy 4 new rims from BMW / Audi etc. Then you’ll need to source and install an Electronic Tyre Pressure Monitor System (ETPMS or TPMS). Because a RFT puncture may not always be obvious to a driver, an electronic tyre pressure monitor is required to alert the driver to the loss of pressure.

Follow this link for information on Run Flat Tyre repairs

Water Injection – stage 2

Source: http://saft7.com/?p=147

Setelah bereksperiment dengan Water Injection Stage-1.. dirasakan konsumsi air cukup merepotkan untuk sering-sering dilihat dan ditambah.
Hal ini disebabkan karena pada kondisi mesin IDLE, atau sedang dalam kondisi macet, wa-i tetap bekerja sehingga air terus terkonsumsi, padahal pada kondisi seperti ini tidak dibutuhkan oleh mesin.
Perlu diingat wa-i digunakan untuk menghilangkan ngelitik pada saat kita memacu kendaraan dengan penuh ambisi dan semangat, dan dari situ kita tetap bisa pakai Premium walau untuk kebut-kebutan tanpa ngelitik.

Dari permasalahan di atas, perlu ditambahkan suatu sistem yang membuat wa-i hanya bekerja pada RPM atas saja.. misalnya mulai start RPM 2000 baru Wa-i aktif dan seterusnya.
Sehingga pada kondisi macet / mesin idle, air akan bisa dihemat dan tidak mubazir.

Diperlukan Solenoid sebagai katup supply air dari tangki (water reservoir), dan Auto Relay (merek Falcon) yang bisa diatur RPM berapa akan mengaktifkan solenoid.
Auto Relay dijual di toko AC Mobil, seharga 55ribu sampai 120ribu rupiah.

Auto Relay bekerja berdasarkan sinyal dari NEGATIF COIL, atau dari RPM OUTPUT CONNECTOR pada mobil-mobil yang bercoil lebih dari satu.

Diagram sederhananya adalah seperti ini..

Agar bisa dikontrol dari dalam kabin,… OFF/AUTO, maka perlu dipasang saklar dan lampu indikator.
Untuk jenis saklar dan lampu bisa disesuaikan saja dengan yang didapat atau yang cocok dengan mobilnya.

Diagramnya menjadi seperti ini..

Beginilah pada saat RPM mesin melebihi 2000RPM, maka unit Wa-i bekerja, lampu indikator menyala.

Foto di bawah adalah foto pemasangan unit Auto Relay dan Solenoid pada mesin.

Kondisi penempatan jarum+selang ke jalur Vacuum Intake.

LED Berdaya Besar

Source: http://saft7.com/?p=226

LED (Light Emitting Diode) digunakan hampir pada sebagian besar perangkat elektronik seperti televisi, radio kaset, alat musik, alat kesehatan, perangkat pengujian, otomotif, dan lain-lain, sebagai lampu isyarat atau indikator.

LED mempunyai banyak keunggulan ketimbang lampu lainnya seperti: Mempunyai umur pakai yang sangat panjang, membutuhkan daya listrik yang sangat kecil (hemat energi), respon kerja yang sangat cepat dan baik.

Pada tahun 1999 Philips Lumileds Lighting Company menemukan LED yang diharapkan dapat menggantikan fungsi lampu yang biasa digunakan untuk penerangan. LED tersebut mengeluarkan cahaya yang sangat terang dengan warna putih. LED tersebut dinamakan LUXEON. Kantor R&D Lumileds berlokasi di San Jose dan Penang (Malaysia).

Kehadiran LUXEON ini membuat berbagai peluang baru dalam aplikasi yang membutuhkan cahaya terang dengan ukuran yang kompak. Sudah dapat kita temukan yaitu pada Lampu Flash Handphone Camera, terlihat pada saat flash padam, akan terlihat berwarna kuning. Saat ini Philips sedang terus mengembangkan LUXEON untuk menggantikan lampu rumah tangga dan perkantoran. Bisa dibayangkan terangnya.

Saya sempat menemukan LUXEON yang berdaya 1 watt, bentuknya menempel pada Base berbentuk seperti bintang, atau sering disebut LUXEON Star, saat ini (10/2006) dijual dengan harga sekitar rp.75.000 per buahnya.

Baru-baru ini saya mendapatkan bingkisan dari sahabat saya, LUXEON dengan daya 3 watt, sering disebut sebagai LUXEON Emitter.

Dikarenakan dayanya yang besar, LUXEON memerlukan pendingin (HeatSink) yang ditempelkan pada bagian belakang LED tersebut. Jika temperatur berlebihan, maka LED tersebut akan cepat mati/rusak.

Terlihat pada bagian bawah LUXEON Emitter terdapat plat besi sebagai penyalur panas untuk ditempelkan pada Pendingin (HeatSink).

Sayang sekali, LUXEON membutuhkan masukan tegangan dan daya yang cukup kritis.
Dibutuhkan tegangan masukan sebesar 3,2volt dan daya konstan sebesar maksimum hingga 350mA (untuk 1watt) , 700mA (untuk 3watt).

Aplikasi yang hanya menggunakan resistor sebagai pembatas tegangan seperti LED pada umumnya tidak disarankan untuk LUXEON ini, ketika mendapatkan daya yang sangat besar, membuat LUXEON rusak.

Foto di atas adalah aplikasi LUXEON dengan hanya menggunakan resistor, dan terbukti ketika dihubungkan dengan masukan arus yang terlalu besar membuat salah satu LUXEON mati seketika.
LUXEON DRIVER

Saya teringat IC regulator yang dapat berfungsi ganda, sebagai Pengatur Tegangan juga bisa digunakan sebagai Pengarus Arus konstan, yaitu IC LM317.
IC ini cukup murah, berkisar Rp 2.000 – Rp 4.000,- dan beberapa komponen pendukung lainnya yang jumlahnya tidak lebih dari Rp 20.000,-

Skemanya saya coba desain sebagai berikut:

Dengan Trimmer Potensiometer, dibantu Volt Meter, kita set hingga mempunyai tengangan output 3,2volt.
Arus yang keluar dari rangkaian ini adalah 560mA.

LUXEON Emitter saya rekatkan pada pendingin (Heatsink) bekas pendingin Prosesor komputer.

Jadilah rangkaian uji coba ini sebagai berikut.

Nah saatnya melihat cahaya LUXEON berdaya 3Watt ini..

Hasil yang saya cermati, cahaya sangat terang untuk sebuah led, bahkan bisa dikatakan cahayanya seperti penggunakan lampu neon putih.
Sempat terpikir, bagus juga untuk menggantikan lampu kabin mobil, lampu belajar, dan lain-lain.

Ternyata tidak sepanas yang dikira… Jadi Heatsink yang digunakan terlalu besar untuk LED tersebut. Walau tidak begitu panas, Tetap memerlukan Pendingin.

Nah, silahkan kembangkan sendiri ide Anda dari artikel ini.

Selamat berkreasi.
Sumber Referensi:
www.lumileds.com
www.luxeon.com
www.lumiledsfuture.com
www.futureelectronics.com

Illuminated Shift Knob

Source: http://saft7.com/?p=227

LED adalah salah satu komponen favorit saya karena bentuknya ringkas, hemat energi dan bisa diaplikasikan dalam berbagai kreasi.
Saya membayangkan apabila shiftknob mobil saya dibuat menyala pada bagian panelnya, sepertinya akan asik juga. Kebetulan panel shiftknob mobil saya bisa dilepas dan transparant pada tulisan yang berwarna putih, sehingga pas buat project iseng ini.
Idenya adalah, saya akan menggunakan LED Ultrabright yang berwarna biru, dirangkai seri dengan resistor sebesar 1Kilo Ohm.
Rangkaian LED ini saya hubungkan dengan lampu senja, jadi ketika lampu senja dinyalakan, berbarengan dengan lampu-lampu panel yang ada di dashboard, LED ini juga akan menyala. Begitu juga saat lampu besar menyala.

Langkah selanjutnya adalah saya membuka shiftknob, kemudian melubangi bagian atasnya dengan lebih dahulu melepas panel shiftknob. LED saya masukkan dari bawah.

Saya coba nyalakan pada saat gelap, cahaya lumayan terang.

Setelah selesai, saya rapihkan kembali panel shiftknob tersebut.

Saatnya beraksi… Seperti inilah tampilan Illuminated Shiftknob bikinan sendiri.

Berdasarkan pengamatan saya, tidak semua shiftknob pada kendaraan lain dibuat seperti ini.
Semoga tulisan ini bisa menjadi sumber inspirasi atau ide lain untuk dikembangkan lebih lanjut dan lebih kreatif lagi.

Bikin Panas Dingin

Source: http://saft7.com/?p=228

Saya baru menemukan komponen unik, bisa menghasilkan panas maupun dingin. Bentuknya tipis, berukuran 4 x 4cm dengan tebal hanya 4mm.
Komponen ini dikenal dengan nama PELTIER. Peltier ini adalah modul Thermo-Electric, umumnya dibungkus oleh keramik tipis yang berisikan batang-batang Bismuth Telluride di dalamnya. Ketika disupply tegangan DC 12volt-15volt salah satu sisi akan menjadi panas, sementara sisi lainnya akan dingin. Untuk kalangan penggemar OverClocking komputer, Peltier cukup populer digunakan untuk mendinginkan prosesor.

Namun kelemahan Peltier adalah Arus yang dibutuhkan cukup besar, hingga 5-7amper agar bisa bekerja optimal.
Peltier juga digunakan pada Car COOLBOX, yaitu pendingin minuman kaleng untuk di mobil.

Cara kerja Peltier, dengan membuat panas disatu sisi, kemudian di sisi lain, panas akan terserap hingga terasa dingin.
Beda suhu antara sisi panas dan dingin bisa mencapai 65 derajat Celcius.

Jadi apabila kita bisa membuat sisi panas serendah mungkin, maka sisi dingin akan bisa sangat dingin bahkan berbuih es. Contoh.. sisi panas 80C (batas maksimal yang diperbolehkan), maka sisi dingin akan 15C.

(animasi oleh: http://www.peltier-info.com/)

Dari prinsip di atas, kita bisa mendinginkan sisi panas dengan memasang sirip pendingin (heatsink) bahkan ditambah kipas (blower/fan).

Makin penasaran… coba sendiri ah..

ini adalah foto peltier yang saya beli dari toko komponen “Pemanas / Heater” di Bandung.

Pada kode yang tercetak di foto di atas, ada angka 12706, yang artinya tegangan maksukan 12volt, Arus optimal yang diminta 6Ampere.

Saya siapkan juga sirip pendingin + fan dari bekas Prosesor PC, kebetulan sama-sama pakai 12 volt untuk fan nya.

Kemudian Peltier saya rekatkan pada Sirip pendingin.

Selanjutnya… saya lebih tertarik ingin membuktikan bisa sedingin apa sih peltier ini.. maka saya siapkan Thermometer Digital (-50C – 249C).

Untuk menjepit sensor, saya gunakan plat aluminium tipis.

Pengujian dimulai…. Wah.. sayang banget ternyata… Power supply yang saya punya hanya 2.5Ampere, jadi tidak bisa optimal nih panas dinginnya.

Hmm.. terlihat dalam waktu 30 detik penurunan suhu dari 32,7C menuju 2,2C! Mantaaaf!..
Saya membayangkan lagi.. apabila saya kasih sirip pendingin yang lebih besar atau lebih baik untuk sisi panasnya, bisa jadi akan lebih rendah lagi suhu dinginnya ya…
2,2C udah dingin banget loh.

Embun mulai muncul ketika listrik menuju Peltier diputus, sementara Sirip pendingin sangat panas… sayang saya lupa mengukur temperaturnya.

Nah apabila saya mengaplikasikan Peltier dengan lebih baik (heatsink besar, Ampere optimal), maka bisa seperti foto di bawah ini.

Bayangkan canggihnya Peltier ini, tanpa suara, tanpa bau, tanpa mekanik bergerak di dalamnya, tanpa kompresor, tapi bisa menghasilkan dingin.

Mau bikin Cold Air Intake buat mobil / motor agar performance mesin lebih oke? Seperti cara di bawah ini?

Hihihi.. seru ya… cukuplah disini IDEide kompornya, silahkan berkreasi lebih kreatif dan unik lagi.
Selamat berkreasi.

INFO:
Peltier bisa didapat di toko-toko Parts “Pemanas/Heater Coil”
di Lindeteves (glodok) atau di CV Bone Bandung (022 4200295)
Sumber referensi:
http://www.peltier-info.com/
http://www.tellurex.com/
http://www.its.org/
www.marlow.com/TechnicalInfo/frequently_asked_questions_faqs.htm
www.melcor.com/faq.html
www.ferrotec.com/usa/thermoelectric/ref/index.htm

Cara Pasang Relay untuk Klakson/ Lampu Tambahan (revised)

Source: http://saft7.com/?p=192

Catatan Revisi:
Berhubung banyak yang mempermasalahkan penggunaan kaki relay no.30 & 87, maka diagram di bawah sudah di revisi, kaki no.30 ke accu, kaki 87 ke klakson/lampu. Thanks buat semua masukannya yang sangat membangun. Indahnya saling koreksi.

Banyak diantara kita yang kurang puas dengan suara klakson bawaan motor/mobil yang kurang keras/lantang, atau juga lampu standar yang kurang terang atau berdaya kecil.
Di toko partshop atau asesoris otomotif, banyak dijual klakson aftermarket yang suaranya bagus seperti Fiam, Hella, bosch, PIAA, Wolo, Hadley, fer, dsb.
Klakson tersebut membutuhkan daya yang cukup besar, sayangnya kabel yang terpasang pada klakson standar bawaan motor/mobil tidak dapat mengakomodasi kebutuhan daya tersebut.
Malah bisa jadi saklar klakson tersebut akan cepat rusak karena setiap kali ditekan, akan mengeluarkan percik api pada metal contact didalamnya yang lama kelamaan akan aus, bahkan plastik case nya akan meleleh.
Begitu juga dengan pemasangan lampu yang berdaya lebih besar, akan berkasus sama dengan kasus di atas.

Untuk menyelesaikan masalah tersebut, kita membutuhkan bantuan komponen tambahan yaitu relay.
Relay adalah suatu komponen yang digunakan sebagai saklar penghubung/pemutus untuk arus beban yang cukup besar, dikontrol oleh sinyal listrik dengan arus yang kecil.
Dengan menggunakan relay, kabel yang menuju saklar tidak perlu kabel yang tebal, sebab arus yang terhubung ke saklar sangatlah kecil.

Banyak relay yang beredar di partshop, ada berbagai merek seperti Hella, Bosch, Omron, dsb, … dan banyak pula yang dipalsu.
Saya sendiri lebih memilih untuk menggunakan relay bermerek BOSCH yang asli, begitu juga dengan socket relaynya.

Berikut komponen yang diperlukan untuk project ini..
- Socket Relay merek Bosch + terminal konektornya
- Relay Bosch 4 kaki tipe “0 332 019 453”
- Fuse Box (kotak sikring) + terminal konektornya
- Fuse / Sikring yang disesuaikan dengan beban arusnya .. misalnya 10 Ampere.
- Kabel tebal serabut diameter 5mm
- Terminal Ring 10mm.

Cara Pasang..

Ada 2 macam sistem pelistrikan untuk Klakson atau Lampu, yaitu yang dikontrol oleh tegangan positif dan tegangan negatif.

Biasanya sistem yang dikontrol oleh tegangan Negatif menggunakan 2 kabel. Dimana satu kabel untuk ke positif dan satu lagi ke saklar pengontrol.

Sistem yang dikontrol oleh tegangan Positif, biasanya menggunakan 1 kabel saja dari saklar pengontrol. Kabel satunya lagi mengambil negatif dari ground atau body.

NEGATIVE SYSTEM:

Gambar di atas memperlihatkan rangkaian klakson dengan sistem Negative.

Untuk pemasangannya lihat gambar di bawah:

Kaki Relay nomor 30 menuju Positif Accu (kabel harus tebal, langsung dari Accu).

Kaki Relay nomor 87 menuju Positif Klakson (kabel ukuran tebal atau sedang).

Kaki Relay nomor 85 menuju salah satu Kabel klakson (A)

Kaki Relay nomor 86 menuju salah satu Kabel klakson (B)

Pemasangan kabel dari kaki 85 dan 86 boleh terbolak balik polaritasnya.

Dikarenakan adanya perbedaan lokasi kaki relay pada beberapa merek relay yang ada, harap perhatikan NOMOR kakinya, sebelum memasang!

——————————-

POSITIVE SYSTEM:

Gambar di bawah memperlihatkan kabel standar yang menuju klakson dipotong.
Untuk bagian yang atas kita beri kode A, dan bagian yang menuju klakson kita beri kode B.

Kaki Relay nomor 30 menuju Positif Accu (kabel harus tebal, langsung dari Accu).

Kaki Relay nomor 87 menuju Positif Klakson (kabel ukuran tebal atau sedang).

Kaki Relay nomor 85 menuju salah satu Kabel klakson (A)

Kaki Relay nomor 86 dihubungkan ke body mobil/motor (negatif/ground).

Dikarenakan adanya perbedaan lokasi kaki relay pada beberapa merek relay yang ada, harap perhatikan NOMOR kakinya, sebelum memasang!

Nah.. semoga penjelasan di atas bisa mudah dimengerti, dan rekan-rekan bisa pasang sendiri klakson barunya.

Rangkaian di atas sama penerapannya untuk pemasangan lampu tambahan atau merubah lampu ke daya yang lebih besar.

Manfaat yang didapat dengan menggunakan rangkaian relay ini adalah:

- klakson akan bersuara lebih keras/lantang atau lampu akan menyala lebih terang.

- saklar klakson / lampu akan lebih awet.

Automotive Relay… apaan sih?

Source: http://saft7.com/?p=234

Pada artikel ini saya mencoba untuk menguraikan beberapa relay yang umum digunakan pada kendaraan kita. Fungsi relay sendiri bisa dipelajari di website Howstuffworks dan definisi relay bisa dilihat di wikipedia, agar artikel ini tidak menjadi sangat panjang.

Sebenarnya banyak sekali ragam relay yang digunakan pada mobil, mulai dari yang berjenis umum hingga yang khusus. Relay pada kendaraan digunakan untuk lampu utama, klakson (tidak semua mobil), FuelPump, ECU, Starter, Wiper (tidak semua mobil), sistem AC, fan radiator, lampu kabut, sistem alarm, sistem central lock, sistem Power Window, dan pada mobil Eropa banyak ditemukan relay yang di desain khusus, misalnya relay tersebut berfungsi juga sebagai timer, unloader dan lain-lain.

Besar-kecilnya ukuran fisik suatu relay, biasanya berhubungan juga dengan kapasitas arus yang dapat ditangani oleh Contact-point relay. Jika arus yang disalurkan melebihi kapasitas kemampuan relay, maka contact point akan panas dan cepat aus. Jika contact point aus, maka kualitas konduktor / menyalurkan arus listrik menjadi terganggu. Pada kenyataannya, biasanya kita menemukan lampu akan menjadi redup, atau klakson menjadi tidak lantang lagi atau bahkan mati.

RELAY POPULER..

Yang saya maksud dengan relay populer adalah relay yang paling umum ditemukan pada hampir setiap kendaraan (umumnya mobil). Secara garis besar umumnya sering disebut-sebut “Relay 4 kaki”, “Relay 5 kaki” dan “Relay bulat”.

Sementara itu, 2 merek relay yang paling populer adalah merek BOSCH dan HELLA. Silahkan simak bagaimana memilih relay bosch yang asli pada artikel lain di website ini.

Umumnya pada body relay, disertakan skema relay tersebut berikut nomor kaki nya. Juga pada bagian bawah, di masing-masing kaki terminal disertakan nomor kaki sebagai referensi terhadap skema relay pada body tadi.

BOSCH 4 kaki – 0 332 019 453

Adalah relay otomotif dengan tegangan kerja 12volt DC, dan kapasitas arus yang dapat ditangani adalah maksimal 30A. Relay ini berkaki 4, di dalamnya terdapat resistor penahan arus balik yang umumnya bertegangan sangat tinggi hingga 200volt!.

Contoh penggunaan relay BOSCH 4 kaki – 0 332 019 453.
skema di bawah menjelaskan pemasangan lampu tambahan dengan memanfaatkan relay tersebut.

BOSCH 5 kaki – 0 332 019 150.

Relay ini unik, berkaki 5 dengan 2 terminal yang akan berfungsi bersamaan ketika relay ini aktif. Bisa digunakan untuk misalnya menyalakan lampu kiri dan kanan dengan satu relay ini saja. Keuntungan lain relay ini adalah memperingkas sistem pemasangan kabel.